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GlaxoSmithKline

Filmdragerad tablett 50 mg/300 mg
(Oval, bikonvex, vit, filmdragerad tablett, cirka 18,5 x 9,5 mm, präglad med ”SV 137” på ena sidan.)

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ATC-kod: J05AR25
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Miljöinformation

Miljöpåverkan

Dolutegravir

Miljörisk: Användning av dolutegravir har bedömts medföra försumbar risk för miljöpåverkan.
Nedbrytning: Dolutegravir är potentiellt persistent.
Bioackumulering: Dolutegravir har låg potential att bioackumuleras.


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Detaljerad miljöinformation

Detailed background information

Environmental Risk Classification


Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC)

PEC is calculated according to the following formula:

PEC (μg/L) = (A*109*(100-R)/(365*P*V*D*100) = 1.37*10- 6*A(100-R)

PEC = 1.08 x 10-2 μg/L

Where:

A = 78.90 kg (total sold amount API free base in Sweden year 2022, data from IQVIA). Total volume of Dolutegravir sodium 83.05 = 78.90 Dolutegravir free base. Total Dolutegravir = 78.90.


R = 0% removal rate (conservatively, it has been assumed there is no loss by adsorption to sludge particles, by volatilization, hydrolysis or biodegradation)

P = number of inhabitants in Sweden = 10 *106

V (L/day) = volume of wastewater per capita and day = 200 (ECHA default) (Reference 1)


D = factor for dilution of waste water by surface water flow = 10 (ECHA default) (Reference 1)


Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)

Ecotoxicological studies


Green Algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata):

IC50 96h (biomass) = 233 μg/L (OECD 201) (Reference 5)

NOEC = 95 μg/L


Water flea (Daphnia magna):

Acute toxicity

EC50 48 h (immobility) > 6,430 μg/L (OECD 202) (Reference 6)


Water flea (Daphnia magna):

Chronic toxicity

NOEC 21 days (reproduction) = 834 μg/L (OECD 211) (Reference 7)


Rainbow Trout:

Acute toxicity

No data


Fathead minnow (Juvenile Pimephales promelas):

Chronic toxicity

NOEC 28 days (mortality) = 220 μg/L (OECD 210) (Reference 8)


Other ecotoxicity data:


Chironomid (Chironomus riparius)

NOEC 28 days (reproduction) = 858,000 μg/kg (OECD 218) (Reference 9)


Microorganisms in activated sludge

EC50 3 hours (Inhibition) = 24,000 μg/L (OECD 209) (Reference 3)


Terrestrial toxicity


Earthworm (Eisenia foetida)

LC50 14 days (mortality) > 1,000,000 μg/kg (OECD 207) (Reference 12)

NOEC = 1,000,000 μg/kg


Collembola (Folsomia candida)

NOEC 28 days (reproduction) = 29,000 μg/kg (ISO 11267:1999) (Reference 13)


Soil microorganisms

NOEC = 984,000 μg/kg (OECD 216) (Reference 14)


Onion (Allium cepa), Pea (Pisum sativum)

NOEC 23 days (emergence) = 12,000 μg/kg (OECD208) (Reference 15)


PNEC = 95/10 = 9.50 μg/L

PNEC (μg/L) = lowest NOEC/10, where 10 is the assessment factor applied for three long-term NOECs. NOEC for green alga (= 95 ug/L) has been used for this calculation since it is the most sensitive of the three tested species.


Environmental risk classification (PEC/PNEC ratio)

PEC/PNEC = 1.08 x 10-2/9.5 = 1.14 x 10-3, i.e. PEC/PNEC ≤ 0.1 which justifies the phrase “Use of dolutegravir has been considered to result in insignificant environmental risk.”


Degradation

Biotic degradation


Ready degradability:

No data


Inherent degradability:

0% degradation in 28 days (OECD 302B) (Reference 10)

18% primary degradation of parent in 28 days

This substance is not inherently biodegradable.


Simulation studies:


Water-sediment study:

50% (DT50) degradation in > 1,000 days (OECD 308) (Reference 11)

Non-extractable residue = 8.70% - 9.30%


Soil Degradation:

Aerobic transformation in soil (OECD 307) (Reference 16)


Degradation rates

DT50 = 1,000 days

DT90 = 1,000 days

Non-extractable residue < 10%


Abiotic degradation


Hydrolysis:

No data


Photolysis:

No data


Justification of chosen degradation phrase:

Dolutegravir is not readily biodegradable nor inherently biodegradable. This substance is predicted to degrade in water sediment systems ≥ 120 days. Non-extractable residues represent < 10% of the total material. The phrase “Dolutegravir is potentially persistent” is thus chosen.


Bioaccumulation


Partitioning coefficient:

Log Dow < 1 at pH 7 (OECD 107) (Reference 4)

Log Dow at pH 5 = -2.28

Log Dow at pH 7 = -2.45

Log Dow at pH 9 = -3.21


Justification of chosen bioaccumulation phrase:


Since log Dow < 4, the substance has low potential for bioaccumulation.


Excretion (metabolism)

Dolutegravir is primarily metabolized through glucuronidation via UGT1A1 with a minor CYP3A component. Dolutegravir is the predominant circulating compound in plasma; renal elimination of unchanged active substance is low (< 1% of the dose). Fifty-three percent of total oral dose is excreted unchanged in the faeces. It is unknown if all or part of this is due to unabsorbed active substance or biliary excretion of the glucuronidate conjugate, which can be further degraded to form the parent compound in the gut lumen. Thirty-two percent of the total oral dose is excreted in the urine, represented by ether glucuronide of dolutegravir (18.9% of total dose), N-dealkylation metabolite (3.6% of total dose), and a metabolite formed by oxidation at the benzylic carbon (3.0% of total dose) (Reference 2).


Please, also see Safety data sheets on http://www.msds-gsk.com/ExtMSDSlist.asp


References


  1. ECHA, European Chemicals Agency. 2008 Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment.

  2. Pharmacokinetic properties: Metabolism and Elimination. Summary of Product Characteristics Tivicay (Dolutegravir sodium) 50mg film coated tablets. GlaxoSmithKline, January 2014.

  3. Graham R and Alderman D. GSK1349572: Activated Sludge Respiration Inhibition Test. Report No. 8236109. Covance Laboratories Limited, January 2010.

  4. Moseley RH. GSK1349572A: Determination of the n-octanol: water partition coefficient. Report No. 8240319. Covance Laboratories Limited, October 2011.

  5. Last G, Flenely A and Goodband T. GSK1349572A: Inhibition of Growth to the Alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Report No. 8240286. Covance Laboratories Limited, November 2012.

  6. Burke J and Scholey A. GSK1349572A: GSK 1349572A: Acute toxicity to Daphnia magna. Report No. 8204501. Covance Laboratories Limited, November 2010.

  7. Burke J. Chronic effects of GSK1349572A to Daphnia magna. Report No. 8236107. Covance Laboratories Limited, April 2012.

  8. Burke J, Jakes M and Goodband T. Fish Early Life Stage Test (Pimephales promelas) with GSK1349572A. Report No. 8240288. Smithers Viscient Limited, November 2012.

  9. Last G and Goodband T. GSK1349572A: Sediment-Water Chironomus riparius Toxicity Test using Spiked Sediment. Report No. 8252363. Smithers Viscient Limited, November 2012.

  10. Graham R and Alderman D. GSK1349572A: Assessment of Inherent Biodegradability by Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Evolution with Specific Analysis. Report No. 8204497. Covance Laboratories Limited, October 2010.

  11. Dixon K and Fletcher T. [14C]-GSK1349572A: Degradation in Water-Sediment Systems under Aerobic Conditions. Report No. 8240289. Smithers Viscient Limited, June 2012.

  12. Muddiman KJ. GSK1349572A: Acute toxicity to the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Report No. 8252367. Smithers Viscient Limited, July 2012.

  13. Muddiman KJ. GSK1349572A: Determination of the Effects on Reproduction of the Collembolan Folsomia candida. Report No. 8252368. Smithers Viscient Limited, November 2012.

  14. Schöbinger U. Effects of GSK1349572A on the Activity of the Soil Microflora - Nitrogen Transformation Test. Report No. S11-03815. Eurofins Agricultural Services, November 2012.

  15. Muddiman KJ. GSK1349572A: Seedling Emergence and GrowthTest. Report No. 8252366. Smithers Viscient Limited, November 2012.

  16. Dixon K and Fletcher T. [14C]-GSK1349572A: Aerobic Soil Metabolism and Degradation. Report No. 8252364. Smithers Viscient Limited, September 2012.

Lamivudin

Miljörisk: Användning av lamivudin har bedömts medföra försumbar risk för miljöpåverkan.
Nedbrytning: Lamivudin bryts ned i miljön.
Bioackumulering: Lamivudin har låg potential att bioackumuleras.


Läs mer

Detaljerad miljöinformation

Environmental Risk Classification

Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC)

PEC is calculated according to the following formula:

PEC (μg/L) = (A*109*(100-R)/(365*P*V*D*100) = 1.37*10-6*A(100-R)


PEC = 0.028 μg/L


Where:

A = 205.36 kg (total sold amount API in Sweden year 2020, data from IQVIA).

R = 0% removal rate (conservatively, it has been assumed there is no loss by adsorption to sludge particles, by volatilization, hydrolysis or biodegradation)

P = number of inhabitants in Sweden = 10*106

V (L/day) = volume of wastewater per capita and day = 200 (ECHA default) (Reference 1)

D = factor for dilution of waste water by surface water flow = 10 (ECHA default) (Reference 1)


Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)

Ecotoxicological studies

Green Algae (Selenastrum caprocornutum):

IC50 72h (growth) > 96,900 μg/L (OECD 201) (Reference 7)

NOEC > 96,900 μg/L


Water flea (Daphnia magna):

Acute toxicity

EC50 48 h (immobility) > 1,000,000 μg/L (OECD 202) (Reference 5)

NOEC > 1,000,000 μg/L


Water flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia):

Chronic toxicity

EC50 7 days (reproduction) > 100,000 μg/L (EPA 1002) (Reference 10)

NOEC = 100,000 μg/L


Water flea (Daphnia magna):

Chronic toxicity

EC50 21 days (reproduction) > 100,000 μg/L (OECD 211) (Reference 12)

NOEC = 100,000 μg/L


Rainbow Trout (Juvenilee Oncorhyncus mykiss):

Acute toxicity

LC50 96 h (lethality) > 97,700 μg/L (OECD 203) (Reference 8)

NOEC = 97,700 μg/L


Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas):

Chronic toxicity

LC50 96 h (lethality) > 10,000 μg/L (OECD 210) (Reference 13)

NOEC = 10,000 μg/L


Other ecotoxicity data:

Microorganisms in activated sludge

EC50 3 hours (Inhibition) > 1,000,000 μg/L (OECD 209) (Reference 11)

NOEC = 1,000,000 μg/L


Chironomid (Chironomus riparius)

NOEC 28 days (development) = 100,000 μg/kg (OECD 218) (Reference 14)


PNEC = 10,000/10 = 1,000 μg/L


PNEC (μg/L) = lowest NOEC/10, where 10 is the assessment factor applied for three long-term NOECs. NOEC for fish (= 10,000 ug/L) has been used for this calculation since it represents the lowest value for all three tested species.


Environmental risk classification (PEC/PNEC ratio)

PEC/PNEC = 0.028/1,000 = 2.80 x 10-5, i.e. PEC/PNEC ≤ 1 which justifies the phrase “Use of lamivudine has been considered to result in insignificant environmental risk.”


Degradation

Biotic degradation

Ready degradability:

< 1% degradation in 28 days (OECD 301B) (Reference 4)


Inherent degradability:

0% degradation in 28 days (OECD 302B) (Reference 9)

4% primary (loss of parent) degradation in 28 days


15-24% degradion in soil (TAD 3.12) (Reference 3)


Simulation studies:

Water-sediment study:

50% (DT50) decline (total system) = 22-29 days (OECD 308) (Reference 14)

Total Lamivudine (day 100) = 0.4% - 0.6%

CO2 = 8.50% - 12.60%

Total Non-extractable residue = (day 100) = 18.60% - 19.10%


Extraction methods: The non-extractable radioactivity in the samples taken at 100 days was characterised using an acid/base fractionation procedure. Sediment debris was extracted with 0.5 M sodium hydroxide by shaking on an orbital shaker overnight at ambient temperature. The debris was separated by centrifugation and the supernatant removed. The debris was washed with 0.5 M sodium hydroxide and allowed to air-dry. The supernatant was adjusted to pH 1 with concentrated hydrochloric acid and left to stand at ambient temperature. The sample was centrifuged, the precipitate washed with 1 M HCl and the supernatant combined with these washings. The volume of this solution, the fulvic acid fraction, was measured and duplicate aliquots taken for radio-assay. The precipitate, the humic acid fraction, was dissolved in 0.5 M sodium hydroxide.


Abiotic degradation

Hydrolysis:

Half-life, pH 7 > 1 year (OECD 111) (Reference 4)


Photolysis:

No data


Justification of chosen degradation phrase:

Lamivudine is not readily biodegradable nor inherently biodegradable.

Lamivudine DT50 < 32 days and the presence of the parent is < 15%.

The phrase “Lamivudine is degraded in the environment” is thus chosen.


Bioaccumulation

Partitioning coefficient:

Log Dow = -1.44 at pH7. (TAD 3.02) (Reference 3)


Log Dow at pH5 = -1.17

Log Dow at pH7 = -1.44

Log Dow at pH9 = -1.86


Justification of chosen bioaccumulation phrase:

Since log Dow < 4, the substance has low potential for bioaccumulation.


Excretion (metabolism)

Lamivudine is predominately cleared unchanged by renal excretion. The likelihood of metabolic interactions of lamivudine with other medicinal products is low due to the small extent of hepatic metabolism (5-10%) and low plasma protein binding. (Reference 2)


PBT/vPvB assessment

Lamivudine does not fulfil the criteria for PBT and/or vBvP.

All three properties, i.e. ‘P’, ‘B’ and ‘T’ are required in order to classify a compound as PBT (Reference 1). Lamivudine does not fulfil the criteria for PBT and/or vBvP based on a log Dow < 4.


Please, also see Safety data sheets on http://www.msds-gsk.com/ExtMSDSlist.asp.


References


  1. ECHA, European Chemicals Agency. 2008 Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment.

  2. Pharmacokinetic properties: Metabolism and Elimination. Summary of Product Characteristics Epivir (Lamivudine) 150mg film coated Tablets. ViiV Healthcare, May 2013.

  3. Munro S. GR109714X: Determination of Physico-Chemical Properties. Report No. 93/GLX088/0358. Pharmaco-LSR, March 1994.

  4. Cowlyn TC. GR109714X: Determination of Hydrolysis as a Function of pH. Report No. 93/GLX092/0266. Pharmaco-LSR, January 1994.

  5. Jenkins CA. GR109714X: Acute Toxicity to Daphnia magna. Report No. 93/GLX090/0145. Pharmaco-LSR, February 1994.

  6. Jenkins WR. GR109714X: Assessment of its Ready Biodegradability Modified Sturm Test. Report No. 93/GLX091/0141. Pharmaco-LSR, February 1994.

  7. Jenkins CA. GR109714X: Determination of 72-hour EC50 to Green Alga. Report No. 95/GLX174/0358. Pharmaco-LSR, March 1995.

  8. Jenkins CA. GR109714X: Acute Toxcity to Rainbow Trout. Report No. 95/GLX173/0172. Pharmaco-LSR, March 1995.

  9. Schaefer EC. Lamivudine: An Evaluation of Inherent Biodegradability Using the Zahn-Wellens/EMPA Test. Report No. 374E-123 Wildlife International Limited, July 2004.

  10. Goodband TJ. Lamivudine: Daphnid, Ceriodaphnia dubia Survival and Reproduction Test. Report No. 1127/1214. Safepharm Laboratories Limited, November 2006.

  11. Best N. Lamivudine: Toxicity to Activated Sludge in a Respiration Inhibition Test. Report No. 41500234. Harlan Laboratories Limited, June 2015.

  12. Harris S. Lamivudine: Daphnia magna Reproduction Test. Report No. 41500232. Harlan Laboratories Limited, August 2015.

  13. Ablit S. Lamivudine: Fish, Early Life Stage Toxicity. Report No. 41500231. Harlan Laboratories Limited, October 2015.

  14. Sacker D. Lamivudine: Sediment-Water Chironomid Toxicity Test Using Spiked Sediment. Report No. WV65TS. Envigo Research Limited, January 2017.

  15. Grist A. Lamivudine: Aerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems. Report No. TMR0048. Harlan Laboratories Limited, February 2017.

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