Miljöpåverkan
Miljöinformationen för kodein, vattenfri är framtagen av företaget Sanofi AB för
Miljörisk:
Risk för miljöpåverkan av kodein, vattenfri kan inte uteslutas då ekotoxikologiska data saknas.
Nedbrytning:
Det kan inte uteslutas att kodein, vattenfri är persistent, då data saknas.
Bioackumulering:
Kodein, vattenfri har låg potential att bioackumuleras.
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Detaljerad miljöinformation
Environmental Risk Classification
Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC)
PEC is calculated according to the following formula:
PEC (µg/l) = (A*109*(100-R))/(365*P*V*D*100) = 1.37*10-6*A*(100-R)
PEC = 0.209 μg/l
Where:
A = 1527,6799 kg (total sold amount API in Sweden year 2021, data from IQVIA)
Addition of:
Codeine phosphate hemihydrate = 1527,6795 kg
Codeine hydrochloride dihydrate = 0,0004 kg
R = 0% removal rate (due to loss by adsorption to sludge particles, by volatilization, hydrolysis or biodegradation)
P = number of inhabitants in Sweden = 10*106
V (l/day) = volume of wastewater per capita and day = 200 (ECHA default) (Ref I)
D = factor of dilution of waste water by surface water flow = 10 (ECHA default) (Ref I)
Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)
Ecotoxicological studies
No ecotoxicity data available.
Environmental Risk Rlassification (PEC/PNEC ratio)
The PEC/PNEC ratio could not be calculated since no ecotoxicity results are available, hence justifying the phrase: "Risk of environmental impact of codeine cannot be excluded, since no ecotoxicity data are available."
Degradation
No data available, therefore the degradation phrase should be: "The potential for persistence of codeine cannot be excluded, due to lack of data."
Bioaccumulation
Partitioning coefficient:
Log log P = 1.34 (pH unknown, predicted, Chem Axon)
(Ref II)
Justification of chosen bioaccumulation phrase: Since log P < 4, codein has low potential for bioaccumulation.
Excretion (metabolism)
Codein is excreted via the kidneys.
Codeine is primarily metabolized by glucuronidation. Through a less metabolic pathway, O-demethylated codeine is morphine.
After metabolization, the substance is excreted in the urine, primarily as codeine and norcodeine conjugates and also (about 20%) as morphine conjugate and free codeine.
(Ref III)
References
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ECHA, European Chemicals Agency, 2008 Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Available at https://echa.europa.eu/guidance-documents/guidance-on-information-requirements-and-chemical-safety-assessment2020-05-14.
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Drug Bank: log P for codeine phosphate hydrate, retrieved at https://www.drugbank.ca/salts/DBSALT0015922020-04-21.
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SmPC of Panocod, retrieved from fass.se 2020-04-21.